Posted by
thekeenobserver on Monday, May 25, 2009 2:52:05 AM
By the end of 1780, the "southern front" of the American Revolutionary War was in total disarray.
The Americans had been humiliated at the battle of Camden. The Brits controlled the Carolinas. Nathanial Green was bottled up near Charlotte by the "British Tiger"--Colonel Tarleton-- the feared commander of Cornwallis' famed Dragoons (the "special-op forces" of the redcoats).
But now, the Americans were to begin their comeback, led by perhaps America's most underrated military hero of all time, Virginia's Daniel Morgan.
George Washington was the man who led America's revolution; but Daniel Morgan was the one who saved it. America's "upset" over General John Burgoyne at Saratoga-- opening the way for the French to enter as allies-- was in large part due to the heroics of Daniel Morgan.
In 1776, the Continental Congress voted to establish special brigades comprised of frontier sharpshooters. Daniel Morgan was appointed Captain of the Virginia brigade, and had directed his riflemen masterfully under Benedict Arnold during the war's early battles in the north.
But unlike Arnold, Morgan cared not for ceremony, promotion, fame, or fortune-- his satisfaction lie in his dedication, patriotism, and his determination to fight on for his country until the final victory had been won .
Morgan's military brilliance was intuitive, and bore striking comparison to Alexander the Great.
Perhaps Morgan had studied ancient accounts of Alexander's amazing battle savvy. But like the great Macedonian commander himself, whenever the issue was in doubt, Morgan possessed an uncanny level-headedness-- the ability to give the right command at the precise time--- and could inspire men to "fight at the next level"--- and win.
Both commanders--although they lived 2000 years apart-- possesed the same rare abilities: supreme confidence, the abilty to sum up an opponent's weakness, and then choose (use) the topography of the battlefield to win improbable victories against overwhelming odds
And also like Alexander, Morgan was masterful at intelligence-gathering, and believed in knowing his opponents thoroughly before engaging them.
Daniel Morgan was America's original "out of the box" military strategist:
Unlike contemporary tacticians, Morgan would place his weaker troops up FRONT, and the strongest troops in the REAR--- which is exactly what was to take place at the storied Battle of Cowpens.
In late 1780, a Carolina militia force (commanded by William Campbell) defeated a contingent of British regulars at the Battle of Kings Mountain,
General Cornwallis, who had been resting his troops-- upon hearing of the embarrassing loss--now decided to again go on the offensive, and undertook plans to search out & destroy Nathaniel Green’'s southern force once and for all.
But the haughty Cornwallis was about to discover otherwise. It was to be Daniel Morgan who would thwart his plans.
December 1780: Daniel Morgan is promoted to Brigadier General by his commander at Saratoga, Horatio Gates, and ordered to join forces with General Nathaniel Greene near Charlotte.
After reporting for duty, Greene assigned him 770 men for a hit & run action. Morgan was to annoy & maraud the enemy, buy time for Green to rebuild his main force, and above all, AVOID any direct confrontation with the enemy (which risked big losses).
But when Morgan's tactics had become apparent, an incensed Cornwallis sent Colonel Tarleton’s vaunted Dragoons to destroy the American "marauders," with a detachment of 1100 men.
But Morgan, having talked with locals who'd fought Tarleton-- and discerning he was vastly overrated-- decided to disobey orders.
After 2 weeks in the bullseye of Tarleton's hot pursuit, Morgan changed course on January 16, 1781, and marched his men along the Pacolet River, having received word he could hook up with a local militia force nearby.
After an all-day march along the river, Morgan stopped at a clearing and declared "Halt...we make our stand here."
Morgan's plan was to take advantage of Colonel Tarleton's impulsiveness (and disdain for militia), as well as the terrain Morgan had chosen: a 500-yard stretch of land, separated by two hilly eminences, stretched 100 yards apart in front of the river:
Tarleton's odds were overwhelming: 500 hand-picked British Dragoons, three times the number of Morgan's cavalry, and an overwhelming advantage in artillery.
But Morgan knew his marksmen's Kentucky rifles--with an effective range of 350-400 yards, vs. the 60-yard range of the British "brown-Betty" muskets--- would more than even the odds.
After dusk, on the night of January 16, about 150 local militia arrived from Spartanburg, plus 50 additional volunteers.
Morgan knew his officers were battle-tested and ready; but to have any chance, the general needed to convince his militia they too could be "trusted to perform like any good soldiers."
Morgan inherently understood the psyche of raw, untrained militia; their tendency was to talk bravely, but would usually flee at the first sight of advancing Redcoats in precise formation, bayonets drawn, with the crashing noise of artillery firing behind them.
This was the reason Morgan chose Cowpens-- he knew that with their backs to the river, the militia could only run so far, and would have to fight for their lives--or die like cowards.
That night, General Morgan--forgoing sleep-- went around to every militia tent and campfire, making them feel they were as important as any of the uniformed men under his command, knowing that if he talked to them like experienced soldiers, they would likely perform that same way on the battlefield.
After making sure his militia & volunteers were sufficiently warm and fed, Morgan made a stirring appeal to their gallantry..."Hold up your heads boys, all ye need do is give me 3 volleys and you're free! And upon returning home, how the old folks will bless you, and the women will kiss you!"
It would turn out to be one of the most effective pep talks in military history.
Morgan-- a master of battle psychology-- not only had been able to peer into the minds of his volunteers, he correctly surmised that the cocky overconfident, Colonel Tarleton would be "drunk with confidence", especially when faced with an apparent rag tag militia standing "alone" on the battlefield, .
During the night, Morgan sent patrols to execute his initial feint...they were to "accidentally" engage Tarleton’s advanced guard, and give them a sense that the Americans were weak, fearful, and in retreat.
Next, Morgan met with his officers and laid out his master strategy: an upfront "skirmish line" comprised of Georgia riflemen--hidden in pine trees-- were to fire once then fall back to support the militia, and fool the attacking dragoons into a trap, like waving a red cape at a bull.
The militia line would fire 3 times, then fall back in apparent retreat uphill toward a second line, comprised of Continental Army regulars, and flanked by the cavalry. All would be hidden behind the hillcrest.
Then, about 100 yards to the rear, lurking behind the second eminence-- a third line, comprised of South Carolina marksmen-- were to lay concealed, and be at the ready.
Morgan's prescient strategy would succeed beyond the Americans' wildest expectations:
As the battle began at sunrise, it was 900 Americans facing 1100 redcoats-- plus heavy British artillery.
As expected, Colonel Tarleton led the initial charge; but upon seeing his men around him fall from sniper fire, Tarleton at once shouted for his main body of Dragoons to advance under cover of an artillery barrage, and charge toward the militia force standing upright along the first battleline.
But the militia executed like seasoned vets; and within less than 100 yards of the British advance (told to aim the officers), they cut loose with a deadly first volley, which temporarily stymied the Dragoons into disarray
And as Morgan correctly had planned, the militia-- after firing 3 volleys-- began their "sucker" retreat, turning and firing as they fell back.
Tarleton --thinking he had the won day-- immediately ordered his cavalry into all-out charge, and right into the hidden 400-man force of Morgan's regulars, who suddenly appeared at the first hilltop, and delivered a withering volley of musket fire- creating a virtual killing zone of fallen redcoats!
But Tarleton's troops, initially deceived, regrouped, and a bloody confrontation ensued, as volley after volley of American fire cut down the now-faltering Redcoats.
Tarleton, sensing defeat, now committed his reserves, who--seeing the slaughter ahead--seemed hesitant to rush forward.
But General Morgan -- seeing opportunity-- shouted, "Now's your chance boys! They're falling back!"
The Maryland cavalry on the left charged forward, cutting a large swath through the faltering British line, and rode to their rear. And to Morgan's sheer amazement, the aroused militia joined the cavalry in combined pursuit.
Tarleton now committed his final reserves, who formed a second advance, and it was the Americans who now were being slowly forced back toward the river.
Morgan-- blessed with non-pareil battle instincts-- instructed his remaining cavalry on the right to parry forward, then quickly "flee" back toward the river-- a brilliant maneuver that would prove to win the day.
The British-- now suckered twice by Morgan's clever feints-- charged all-out toward the river at the 'retreating' cavalry, while just behind the crest of the second hill, the Carolina sharpshooters suddenly emerged on cue, and fired into the surprised British at point-blank range-- with devastating effect.
Now, the remaining redcoats who could still fight, suddenly chose to turn and run.
Morgan then thundered "Charge," and hand-to-hand fighting ensued.
American bayonets were now at the hearts of the fleeing British, and the Maryland cavalry-- in a Napoleonic-like pincer move-- closed up ranks from the rear and delivered the final coup de gras.
Suddenly, it was all over-- an amazing, improbable American victory had been won.
And by this time, the British artillerymen had fled for their lives, enabling Morgan to capture the battle's unexpected bounty-- the prized English 3- pound cannons, making the American rout complele.
Morgan had his militia take charge of the prisoners, and sent his cavalry in fierce pursuit of Colonel Tarelton, one of the few lucky Brits who had managed to escape.
The battle proved to be costly to the English in not only quantity, but quality-- their losses were the very best of Cornwallis' troops...his prized English Dragoons.
In a brief but poignant victory dispatch, Daniel Morgan would write to his commander, Nathaniel Greene:
"Dear sir;
The troops I have had the honor to command, have gained a great victory over a detachment from the British army; under command of Colonel Tarleton. The action was on 17th January, at the instant of sunrise, at a place called Cowpens, along the Pacolet river.
I am dear sir, your obedient servant, Daniel Morgan."
Cowpens, a classic military victory, proved to be the one of the most critical of the Revolutionary War: American morale was revived, and an entire British force had been captured.
The British lost 910 men--210 killed and 700 taken prisoner-- as well as all of their supplies--and most critically, their prized 3 pound artillery pieces, that would soon be employed against Cornwallis himself, playing a seminal part of the seige-like bombardment that ultimately forced him to surrender at Yorktown.
The American casualties were astoundingly low-- 12 killed; 61 wounded.
Although it did not involve many people, Cowpens began the direct chain of events that culminated in the final American triumph to win the War of Independence.
The entire battle had taken place in only one hour...perhaps the most important hour in American military history.